Deep brain stimulation encouraging for stroke patients: Study

OHIO: Cleveland Clinic researchers used deep brain stimulation (DBS) to target the dentate nucleus, which regulates fine control of voluntary movements, cognition, language, and sensory functions in the brain, in the first-in-human trial for post-stroke rehabilitation patients. According to the EDEN experiment (Electrical Stimulation of the Dentate Nucleus for Upper Extremity Hemiparesis Due to Ischemic Stroke), the majority of participants (nine out of 12) improved in both motor impairment and function.

Importantly, the study discovered that participants with at least minimal distal motor function at the time of enrolment demonstrated gains that nearly tripled their original scores. Published in Nature Medicine, these findings build on more than a decade of preclinical work led by principal investigators Andre Machado, MD, PhD, and Kenneth Baker, PhD, at Cleveland Clinic. “These are reassuring for patients as the participants in the study had been disabled for more than a year and, in some cases, three years after stroke. This gives us a potential opportunity for much-needed improvements in rehabilitation in the chronic phases of stroke recovery,” said Dr Machado, chair of Cleveland Clinic’s Neurological Institute. “The quality-of-life implications for study participants who responded to therapy have been significant.”

Dr Machado patented the DBS method in stroke recovery. Boston Scientific owns a license to those patents and provided the Vercise DBS systems used in the trial. In 2010, Cleveland Clinic Innovations established Enspire DBS Therapy, Inc, a Cleveland Clinic portfolio company and is commercializing technology developed at Cleveland Clinic to commercialize the method and it co-funded the study. Dr Machado holds stock options and equity ownership rights with Enspire and serves as the chief scientific officer.

“We saw patients in the study regain levels of function and independence they did not have before enrolling in the research,” Dr Machado said. “This was a smaller study and we look forward to expanding as we have begun the next phase.” The completed EDEN trial enrolled 12 individuals with chronic, moderate-to-severe hemiparesis of the upper extremity as a result of a unilateral middle cerebral artery stroke 12-to-36 months prior. There were no major complications throughout the study. Nine of the 12 participants improved to a degree that is considered meaningful in stroke rehabilitation.

Each participant underwent DBS surgery, which involved the surgical implantation of electrodes into a part of the brain called the cerebellum. Once connected to a pacemaker-like device, the electrodes were used to deliver small electric pulses to help people recover control of their movements. Following discharge and recovery from the surgery, participants completed months of physical therapy, first with the DBS device turned off for several weeks and then turned on for four-to-eight months. It was after turning the device on that the most significant improvements were observed. “The safety and feasibility data from this early study combined with the potential symptom improvements certainly support the need for additional, larger trials to see if cerebellar DBS is indeed a potential treatment for post-stroke motor impairment,” said Brooks Gross, PhD, program director, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Stroke is the leading cause of long-term disabilities. Approximately 800,000 people in the United States alone suffer strokes every year. While the majority of patients will survive the acute phase, persistent neurological issues likely will jeopardize the quality of life and productivity, with approximately 50 per cent of survivors still exhibiting disability severities that require assistance with daily activities. “There are currently no effective methods to improve the outcomes of physical rehabilitation for the hundreds of thousands of stroke survivors,” said Dr Baker, Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute. “The results of the study found that deep brain stimulation, paired with physical therapy, improved movement in patients who were more than a year out from their stroke and whose motor improvements had largely plateaued. This tells us the research warrants further investigation in larger patient samples.”