Cities tackle COVID and its pollution too

Lara Maiklem, author of “Mudlark: In Search of London’s Past Along the River Thames,” scours the shoreline for artifacts such as coins, tokens, buckles, and potsherds, some dating to the period of Roman rule. Loosed from pockets or heaped as infill, these are the flotsam of centuries lived on London’s streets. 

“I find stuff because humans are litterbugs,” Maiklem said. “We’ve always been chucking things into the river.” But lately, Maiklem is encountering a type of garbage she hadn’t seen there before: the remnants of COVID 19-era personal protective equipment (or PPE), particularly masks and plastic gloves bloated with sand and resting in the rubbly silt. Maiklem once counted around 20 gloves while canvassing 100 yards of the shoreline. 

She wasn’t surprised; if anything, she had feared the shore would be even more inundated with pieces that had flown from pockets or trash cans or swirled into the Victorian sewers. Happily, Maiklem said, the carpet of COVID-inspired trash at the edge of the Thames wasn’t nearly as plush as it is elsewhere.

PPE litter is fouling landscapes across the globe. Dirtied masks and gloves tumbleweed across city parks, streets, and shores in Lima, Toronto, Hong Kong, and beyond. 

Researchers in Nanjing, China, and La Jolla, Calif., recently calculated that 193 countries have generated more than 8 million tons of pandemic-related plastic waste, and the advocacy group OceansAsia estimated that as many as 1.5 billion face masks could wind up in the marine environment in a single year.

Since January, volunteers with the Ocean Conservancy’s International Coastal Cleanup have plucked 109,507 pieces of PPE from the world’s watery margins. 

Now, across the litter-strewn planet, scientists, officials, companies, and environmentalists are attempting to tally and re-purpose PPE — and limit the trash in the first place. Todd Clardy, a marine scientist in Los Angeles, sometimes counts the PPE he sees on the 10-minute walk from his apartment in Koreatown to the Metro station. 

One day this month, he said, he spotted “24 discarded masks, two rubber gloves, and loads of hand sanitation towelettes.” Sometimes he sees them atop grates that read, “No Dumping, Drains to Ocean.” Dr. Clardy suspects some masks simply slip from wrists. 

“Once it falls on the ground, people probably look at it like, ‘Huh, I’m not wearing that again.’” Breezes likely free some from trash cans, too. “The bins are always full,” Dr. Clardy added. “So even if you wanted to put it on top, it would fly away.”

Dr. Clardy’s accounting isn’t part of a formal project, but there are several such undertakings underway. In the Netherlands, Liselotte Rambonnet, a biologist at Leiden University, and Auke-Florian Hiemstra, a biologist at Naturalis Biodiversity Center, keep a running count of masks and gloves littering streets and canals. 

They track animals’ interactions with the castoff gear. Among their documented examples are an unfortunate perch trapped in the thumb of a phlegmy-looking latex glove, and birds weaving PPE into nesting materials, risking entanglement. 

“Nowadays it would be difficult to find a coot nest in the canals of Amsterdam without a face mask,” Rambonnet and Hiemstra wrote in an email.

The researchers maintain a global website, COVIDlitter.com, where anyone can report animal and PPE incidents. Dispatches include sightings of a brown fur seal tangled in a face mask in Namibia; a mask-snarled puffin found dead on an Irish beach; and a sea turtle in Australia with a mask in its stomach. Back home, the researchers, who also lead canal cleanups in Leiden, worry PPE trash will increase now that the Dutch government has reinstated mask requirements.

“Every weekend we encounter face masks — new ones and old, discolored ones,” Rambonnet and Hiemstra wrote. “Some are barely recognizable, and blend in with autumn leaves.” Cleanup efforts are also underway in London, where staff members and volunteers with the environmental group Thames21 count and collect trash from the river’s banks. 

In September, the group closely surveyed more than a kilometer of shore and found PPE at 70 percent of their study sites — and notably clustered along a portion of the Isle of Dogs, where 30 pieces pocked a 100-meter stretch. 

“I don’t remember seeing any face masks until the pandemic; they weren’t on our radar,” said Debbie Leach, the group’s chief executive officer, who has been involved since 2005. Leach’s team sends the PPE to incinerators or landfills, but small bits are surely left behind because the trash “releases plastics into the water that can’t be retrieved,” she said. 

Researchers in Canada recently estimated that a single surgical-style mask on a sandy shoreline could unleash more than 16 million microplastics, far too small to collect and haul away. 

Roaming sandy swaths along Chile’s coast, Martin Thiel, a marine biologist at the Universidad Católica del Norte in Coquimbo, saw plenty of signs asking visitors to mask up — but few instructions about ditching used coverings. To his frustration, masks were scattered, swollen with sand and water, and tangled in algae. “They act a little like Velcro,” he said. 

“They very quickly accumulate stuff.” But a few beaches, including one in Coquimbo, had trash cans designated specifically for PPE Unlike oil-drum-style alternatives nearby, some had triangular tops with tiny, circular openings that would deter rummaging and prevent wind from tousling the garbage.

In a paper published in Science of the Total Environment this year, Dr. Thiel and 11 collaborators recommended that communities install more purpose-built receptacles like these, as well as signs reminding people to consider the landscape and their neighbors, human and otherwise. “We think there is more to the story than, ‘just protect yourself,’” said Dr. Thiel, the paper’s lead author. 

Houston has already started. In September 2020, the city launched an anti-litter campaign partly aimed at PPE Featuring images such as a filthy mask on grass, the posters read “Don’t Let Houston Go to Waste” and encouraged residents to “Do the PPE123,” choreography that entailed social distancing, wearing masks and throwing them away.

PPE recycling schemes are also advancing elsewhere. In Pune, the CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory is teaming up with a bio-medical waste facility and private companies to pilot ways to transform head-to-toe protective wear into plastic pellets used to manufacture other goods. (None are yet being made and sold, “but hopefully soon,” wrote Harshawardhan V Pol, a principal scientist, in an email.)